The minister explained that the UK will continue to work collaboratively with international partners in response to these cyber-attacks and emphasised the importance of the 39 countries' united voice. He also mentioned a review into Chinese investment, such as Newport Wafer Fab, but did not disclose further measures due to potential effectiveness concerns. Regarding the Olympics, he stated that the British Olympic authorities will make decisions on attendance.

In response to the specific questions that the hon. Lady raised, we estimate—we can only estimate—that 3,000 UK-based organisations were put at risk by this attack. It was an untargeted action. It was not targeted at specific sectors. We do not believe that Government organisations were a victim of it, and because it was an untargeted action it is not possible for me to give a credible assessment of the economic damage of this particular attack.

I understand the point that my right hon. Friend makes about the use of language. I am not in a position to have a debate on that specific point, but I make the broader point that the UK Government’s actions, and indeed the actions of our friends and allies around the world, are based on actions whether they be from Russia, China or wherever else, rather than on the narrow definition that may be found in international documents.

I understand the point that my right hon. Friend makes about the use of language. I am not in a position to have a debate on that specific point, but I make the broader point that the UK Government’s actions, and indeed the actions of our friends and allies around the world, are based on actions whether they be from Russia, China or wherever else, rather than on the narrow definition that may be found in international documents.

Countries around the world trade with and receive investments from China, and, as I have said, pretending that that does not exist or that it is not a significant economic player in the world is completely unrealistic. What we are seeking to do is change China’s behaviour, and we are doing it collaboratively with our international partners.

I completely understand my hon. Friend’s concerns, but I assure her that we work incredibly closely with international partners, including the United States of America. The unprecedented number of countries and multilateral organisations that co-authored yesterday’s statement is testimony to how closely we are working on this issue as an international community.

The House will understand that I will not discuss security and intelligence operations at the Dispatch Box, and that I therefore will not be responding to that part of the hon. Lady’s question. We do of course know about the capabilities of the Pegasus software; its licensing is ultimately a decision for the Israeli Government, but we are working closely with our friends and allies around the world in response to any emerging technical threat at this time.

My hon. Friend is absolutely right that skills are an important part of our arsenal to defend ourselves. The Government are working with industry, academics and many other partners to ensure that we develop the essential cyber-skills we need to be a credible force in the modern world.

Responded that the Foreign Secretary had addressed the issue earlier, highlighting that while they are aware of the challenges posed by China, their approach involves realistic engagement and international collaboration to drive improvements in China’s behaviour.

Acknowledged that the sanctions imposed on Xinjiang human rights abusers are not 'homeopathic', and mentioned visa grants to British national Hong Kong Chinese as evidence of actions being taken.

Stated that the UK will continue to work with international partners to make it clear to China that its behaviour must align with global norms and standards.

Emphasised the importance of international collaboration to legitimize further actions against China by clearly attributing responsibility for state-backed attacks.

Asserted that the UK has taken actions such as imposing sanctions and offering support to Hong Kong residents. Highlighted the importance of international unity on these issues.

Assured that Government is working across departments and has invested in programmes through GCHQ and the National Cyber Security Centre to enhance cyber-defences.

Responded that a patch was released in response to an attack, with 92% of organisations installing it. Advised on taking necessary steps for future security.

Noted that 39 countries had attributed responsibility to Chinese state-backed cyber-criminals in a joint statement, setting a precedent for further actions.

The UK worked closely with NATO in response to the cyber-attacks, issuing a joint statement that highlights China's actions and sets a foundation for future actions by international partners.

The UK is taking a leadership role on cyber-security issues, working closely with international partners. Practical steps for protection against cyber-attacks are advised by the National Cyber Security Centre.

The licensing of this software is managed by the Israeli Government. The UK regularly discusses cyber-security issues with global partners, aiming for responsible use of cyber-technologies.

The UK advocates for human rights, protection of intellectual property, and responsible behaviour on the part of China. The goal is to influence China's actions positively.

The UK values jobs and overseas investment, but also takes security implications seriously. The government is reviewing the situation at Newport Wafer Fab.

The Minister did not have prior knowledge about the decision to use an urgent question, but is willing to answer important issues without hesitation.

The UK aims for China to be a responsible player on the world stage. The attribution statement by 39 countries is an important step towards influencing China's behaviour.

The UK is focused on influencing China's cyber-behaviour but also recognises its role in global issues like climate change. The goal is for China to improve its environmental practices.

International norms need updating as cyber-space evolves. The UK is working with partners to address these issues, highlighting China's contradictory actions.

I completely understand the right hon. Gentleman’s point. He will understand that we never speculate on the future use of sanctions because to do so could be counterproductive to the effect that we are trying to have on China. As I say, this is an important foundation stone statement. It sets a very clear line in the sand from the UK, the US, Japan, NATO, the EU and others that we recognise what is happening here, that China can no longer plead ignorance, that we demand that it takes action against organisations and individuals conducting these cyber actions and that it severs any links that it might have with such organisations.

I thank my right hon. Friend and predecessor for the point that he has made. I hope he will understand that I will not speculate at the Dispatch Box about the nature and scope of our cyber capabilities, save to say that we are a global leader, particularly in cyber-defence, although of course that is not the only thing that he mentioned. With regard to our international partners, this is something that we do discuss. In the recent G7 Foreign and Development Ministers’ communiqué, the G7 expressed serious concern about human rights violations in Xinjiang and reiterated the call for independent experts to be given unfettered access to Xinjiang. The international community is aware of, thinking about, talking about and taking action on some of the activities of the Chinese state that we find unacceptable.

The right hon. Lady is absolutely right that a comprehensive approach to cyber-security is incredibly important. As I say, the UK is proud of the fact that we are a global leader in cyber-security. The publication of the document she mentions, and others, will come in due course. I am not able to give her a precise date at the Dispatch Box at the moment.